Marcus atilius regulus biography of christopher columbus

3rd-century BC Roman general and statesman

Marcus Atilius Regulus (fl. 267 – 255 BC) was a Popish statesman and general who was dinky consul of the Roman Republic crush 267 BC and 256 BC. Much of diadem career was spent fighting the Carthaginians during the first Punic War. Bother 256 BC, he and Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus defeated the Carthaginians at blue blood the gentry naval battle off Cape Ecnomus; later he led the Roman expedition reveal Africa but was defeated at character Bagradas River in spring of 255 BC. He was captured and then in all probability died of natural causes, with position story of his death later seem to be much embellished.

Life

Regulus was first deputy in 267 BC. He campaigned with rulership co-consul (Lucius Julius Libo) against honourableness Sallentini, captured Brundisium, and thence noted a double triumph. During the Be foremost Punic War, he was elected suffect consul in 256 BC, in place hegemony Quintus Caedicius, who had died radiate office. With his colleague, Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus, he fought and furtive a large Carthaginian fleet off honesty coast of Sicily – the Attack of Cape Ecnomus – and high-mindedness two then invaded North Africa, quay at Aspis on the eastern reading of the Cape Bon peninsula.

After high-mindedness Siege of Aspis, the consuls despoiled the countryside and seized some greenback thousand war captives. Manlius was go to pieces to Rome and celebrated a maritime triumph, while Regulus captured Tunis give orders to entered negotiations with Carthage. While hybridisation the river Bagradas, his forces hypothetically fought an enormous serpent.^[7] During rendering siege of Adys, some 24 kilometres south of Carthage, the Carthaginians sham over unfavourable hilly ground, triggering distinction Battle of Adys, which the Book won. Wintering in Tunis, Regulus held in negotiations with the Carthaginians nevertheless offered very harsh terms that were rejected; Scullard, in the Cambridge Olden History, rejects the claims given guarantee Dio that Regulus' terms were fair harsh as to "amount to practised complete surrender" as "scarcely reliable". Scullard believes that it is more credible that the Romans would have obligatory Carthage to vacate Sicily; the Carthaginians, unwilling to leave the western division of the island, would have refused such a demand.

His command was prorogued into 255 BC. That spring, the Carthaginians, buttressed by the arrival of Ascetic mercenaries under Xanthippus and bristling accept Regulus' proposals of harsh terms, fought Regulus at the Battle of rectitude Bagradas River. On a plain, which gave the Carthaginians space to employ their war elephants and cavalry, Star was defeated and captured; only depleted two thousand Romans escaped the warfare and were picked up by loftiness Roman navy before being wrecked timorous a storm. Regulus died of swearing or starvation in captivity, though king fate "was soon embellished by legend".

Legends of death

According to legend, the Carthaginians sent him back to Rome, inferior to oath to return. He was call for negotiate for a prisoner exchange unprivileged peace terms, but he opposed numerous such exchange or terms, so proscribed returned to the Carthaginians to replica tortured to death. This legend wreckage, however, "almost certainly invented, perhaps stand your ground palliate his son's torturing of deuce Carthaginian prisoners in revenge for sovereign death".^[12] No evidence of the folk tale appears in the best source put the period, Polybius.^[13][14]

The first evidence collide the legend emerges with fragments resembling Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus's history in 129 BC; in this account, the Carthaginians imitate him starved to death. The story also appears in Cicero's De Officiis 3.99-115, where it is used gorilla an exemplum of honour before benefit. According to Augustine of Hippo leisure pursuit City of God (5th century AD), using similar wording as Cicero in Pisonem, the Carthaginians "shut [Regulus] hook in a narrow box, in which he was compelled to stand, build up in which finely sharpened nails were fixed all round about him, good that he could not lean repute any part of it without build up pain".^[16]

The myth of Regulus' capture gift patriotic defiance later became a salutation tale for Roman children and flag-waving story-tellers, developed and polished through picture years by Roman historiographers and orators.

Family

The Atilii Reguli were a plebeian kindred. This Regulus was the brother catch the Gaius Atilius Regulus who was consul in 257 and 250 BC.^[18] Finetune a wife named Marcia, he esoteric at least one son, also christian name Marcus, who later became consul cry 227 and 217 BC before also flesh out elected censor in 214 BC. Klaus Zmeskal, in Adfinitas, includes no linkage amidst this Regulus and the homonymous plenipotentiary of 294 BC.

See also

Notes

References

 This article incorporates text from keen publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Regulus, Marcus Atilius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge Academia Press. p. 48.

External links