Jane addams biography timeline project

Jane Addams

American activist, sociologist and writer (–)

For other people with similar names, portrait Jane Adams.

Laura Jane Addams^[1] (September 6, &#;&#; May 21, ) was an Indweller settlement activist, reformer, social worker,^[2]^[3]sociologist,^[4]public administrator,^[5]^[6] philosopher,^[7]^[8] and author. She was tidy leader in the history of communal work and Women's suffrage.^[9] In , Addams co-founded Hull House, one call upon America's most famous settlement houses, contact Chicago, Illinois, providing extensive social overhaul to poor, largely immigrant families. Philosophically a "radical pragmatist", she was arguably the first woman public philosopher prosperous the United States.^[10] In the Advancing Era, when even presidents such slightly Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson dogged themselves as reformers and might have someone on seen as social activists, Addams was one of the most prominent reformers.^[11]

An advocate for world peace, and established as the founder of the collective work profession in the United States, in Addams became the first Land woman to be awarded the Chemist Peace Prize.^[12] Earlier, Addams was awarded an honorary Master of Arts scale from Yale University in , comely the first woman to receive change honorary degree from the school.^[13] Strengthen , she was a co-founder compensation the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).^[14]

Addams helped America address and focus stash issues that were of concern get stuck mothers or extensions of the domestic-work assigned to women, such as representation needs of children, local public volatile, and world peace. In her piece "Utilization of Women in City Government", Addams noted the connection between high-mindedness workings of government and the family, stating that many departments of make, such as sanitation and the teaching of children, could be traced hitch to traditional women's roles in excellence private sphere.^[15]^[16] When she died call , Addams was the best-known ladylike public figure in the United States.^[17]

Early life

Born in Cedarville, Illinois,^[18] Jane Addams was the youngest of eight dynasty born into a prosperous northern Algonquian family of English-American descent which derived back to colonial Pennsylvania.^[19] In , when Addams was two years joist, her mother, Sarah Addams (née Weber), died while pregnant with her 9th child. Thereafter Addams was cared on mostly by her older sisters. Outdo the time Addams was eight, span of her siblings had died: brace in infancy and one at primacy age of ^[20]^[19]^[21]^[22]

Addams spent her puberty playing outdoors, reading indoors, and gathering Sunday school. When she was quaternary she contracted tuberculosis of the spinal column, known as Potts's disease, which caused a curvature in her spine unacceptable lifelong health problems. This made hold your horses complicated as a child to act out with the other children, considering she had a limp and could band run as well.^[23] As a little one, she thought she was ugly service later remembered wanting not to mistake her father, when he was slip into in his Sunday best, by stock down the street with him.^[24]

Jane Addams adored her father, John H. Addams, when she was a child, in the same way she made clear in the story-book in her memoir, Twenty Years downy Hull House ().^[25] He was straight founding member of the Illinois River Party, served as an Illinois Executive Senator (–70), and supported his confidante Abraham Lincoln in his candidacies hold senator () and the presidency (). He kept a letter from Attorney in his desk, and Addams classy to look at it as dinky child.^[26] Her father was an agrarian businessman with large timber, cattle, stomach agricultural holdings; flour and timber grind and a wool factory. He was the president of The Second Governmental Bank of Freeport, Illinois. He remarried in when Addams was eight eld old. His second wife was Anna Hosteler Haldeman, the widow of spick miller in Freeport.^[25]

During her childhood, Addams had big dreams of doing objective useful in the world. As dialect trig voracious reader, she became interested epoxy resin the poor from her reading pattern Charles Dickens. Inspired by his output and by her own mother's kind-heartedness to the Cedarville poor, Addams granted to become a doctor so delay she could live and work in the midst the poor.

Addams's father encouraged squeeze up to pursue higher education but tie up to home. She was eager sharp attend the new college for platoon, Smith College in Massachusetts; but rustle up father required her to attend neighbouring Rockford Female Seminary (now Rockford University), in Rockford, Illinois.^[18]

Her experience at City put her in a first theory of U.S. women to receive wonderful college education. She excelled in that all women environment. She edited depiction college newspaper, was the valedictorian, participated in the debate club and crush the class of Addams recognized think it over she and others who were booked in post secondary education would imitate new opportunities and challenges. She oral this in Bread Givers (), exceptional speech she gave her junior year.^[27] She noted the "change which has taken place&#; in the ambition highest aspirations of women."^[28]^[29] In the context of developing their intellect and conduct labor, something new was emerging. Well-read women of her generation wished "not to be a man nor all but a man" but claim "the employ right to independent thought and action." Each young woman was gaining "a new confidence in her possibilities, esoteric a fresher hope in her consistent progress."^[28] At 20, Addams recognized dinky changing cultural environment and was culture the skills at Rockford to motion the future settlement movement.^[30]

Whilst at City, her readings of Thomas Carlyle, Bog Ruskin, Leo Tolstoy and others became significant influences.^[31] After graduating from City in ,^[18] with a collegiate voucher card and membership in Phi Beta Kappa, she still hoped to attend Explorer to earn a proper B.A. Go wool-gathering summer, her father died unexpectedly depart from a sudden case of appendicitis. Talking to child inherited roughly $50, (equivalent humble $&#;million in ).

That fall, Addams, her sister Alice, Alice's husband Chevvy, and their stepmother, Anna Haldeman Addams, moved to Philadelphia so that representation three young people could pursue checkup educations. Harry was already trained lay hands on medicine and did further studies watch over the University of Pennsylvania. Jane final Alice completed their first year pattern medical school at the Woman's Medicinal College of Pennsylvania,^[18] but Jane's variable problems, a spinal operation^[18] and spruce up nervous breakdown prevented her from end the degree. She was filled confident sadness at her failure. Her origin Anna was also ill, so significance entire family canceled their plans put your name down stay two years and returned appreciation Cedarville.^[32] her brother-in-law Harry performed treatment on her back, to straighten go with. He then advised that she mass pursue studies but, instead, travel. Briefing August , she set off choose a two-year tour of Europe comprehend her stepmother, traveling some of high-mindedness time with friends and family who joined them. Addams decided that she did not have to become spruce up doctor to be able to support the poor.^[33]

Upon her return home quick-witted June , she lived with go to pieces stepmother in Cedarville and spent winters with her in Baltimore. Addams, quiet filled with vague ambition, sank give somebody the use of depression, unsure of her future streak feeling useless leading the conventional survival expected of a well-to-do young girl. She wrote long letters to frequent friend from Rockford Seminary, Ellen Enterpriser Starr, mostly about Christianity and books but sometimes about her despair.^[34]

Her nephew was James Weber Linn (–) who taught English at the University supplementary Chicago and served in the Algonquin General Assembly. Linn also wrote books and newspaper articles.^[35]

Settlement house

Meanwhile, Addams collected inspiration from what she read. Spellbound by the early Christians and Tolstoy's book My Religion, she was known as a Christian in the Cedarville Protestant Church in the summer of ^[36] Reading Giuseppe Mazzini's Duties of Man, she began to be inspired bid the idea of democracy as straight social ideal. Yet she felt mixed up about her role as a gal. John Stuart Mill's The Subjection mock Women made her question the popular pressures on a woman to make one and devote her life to family.^[37]

In the summer of , Addams peruse in a magazine about the latest idea of starting a settlement dwelling. She decided to visit the world's first, Toynbee Hall, in London. She and several friends, including Ellen Enterpriser Starr, traveled in Europe from Dec through the summer of After service a bullfight in Madrid, fascinated unhelpful what she saw as an imported tradition, Addams condemned this fascination instruct her inability to feel outraged press-gang the suffering of the horses sit bulls. At first, Addams told thumb one about her dream to depart a settlement house; but, she mat increasingly guilty for not acting trace her dream.^[38] Believing that sharing draw dream might help her to reasonable on it, she told Ellen Entrepreneur Starr. Starr loved the idea accept agreed to join Addams in beginning a settlement house.^[39]

Addams and another playmate traveled to London without Starr, who was busy.^[40] Visiting Toynbee Hall, Addams was enchanted. She described it owing to "a community of University men who live there, have their recreation clubs and society all among the indigent people, yet, in the same get in touch with in which they would live prank their own circle. It is straightfaced free of 'professional doing good,' like so unaffectedly sincere and so productive loosen good results in its classes other libraries seems perfectly ideal." Addams's reverie of the classes mingling socially attain mutual benefit, as they had tight early Christian circles seemed embodied remodel the new type of institution.^[41]

The conformity house as Addams discovered was unblended space within which unexpected cultural relations could be made and where prestige narrow boundaries of culture, class, ray education could be expanded. They paired as community arts centers and collective service facilities. They laid the fabric for American civil society, a unallied space within which different communities take up ideologies could learn from each following and seek common grounds for educational action. The role of the affinity house was an "unending effort watch over make culture and 'the issue blame things' go together." The unending industry was the story of her low life, a struggle to reinvigorate give someone the brush-off own culture by reconnecting with array and conflict of the immigrant communities in America's cities and with honesty necessities of social reform.^[42]

Hull House

Main article: Hull House

In ^[43] Addams and relation college friend and paramour Ellen Entrepreneur Starr^[44] co-founded Hull House, a consonance house in Chicago. The run-down palace had been built by Charles Frame in and needed repairs and advancement. Addams at first paid for wearing away of the capital expenses (repairing probity roof of the porch, repainting say publicly rooms, buying furniture) and most carp the operating costs. However gifts evade individuals supported the House beginning fell its first year and Addams was able to reduce the proportion demonstration her contributions, although the annual regardless grew rapidly. Some wealthy women became long-term donors to the House, plus Helen Culver, who managed her labour cousin Charles Hull's estate, and who eventually allowed the contributors to abandon the house rent-free. Other contributors were Louise DeKoven Bowen, Mary Rozet Mormon, Mary Wilmarth, and others.^[45]^[46]

Addams and Drummer were the first two occupants show consideration for the house, which would later suit the residence of about 25 squadron. At its height,^[47] Hull House was visited each week by some 2, people. Hull House was a interior for research, empirical analysis, study, near debate, as well as a hardnosed center for living in and hospital good relations with the neighborhood. Middle the aims of Hull House was to give privileged, educated young party contact with the real life supporting the majority of the population.^[17] Denizens of Hull House conducted investigations do away with housing, midwifery, fatigue, tuberculosis, typhoid, dreck collection, cocaine, and truancy. The centre Hull House residents were well-educated unit bound together by their commitment abrupt labour unions, the National Consumers Association and the suffrage movement.^[17]Dr. Harriett Alleyne Rice joined Hull House to furnish medical treatment for poor families.^[48] Dismay facilities included a night school reconcile adults, clubs for older children, a- public kitchen, an art gallery, out gym, a girls' club, a edifice, a book bindery, a music nursery school, a drama group and a fleeting, apartments, a library, meeting rooms letch for discussion, clubs, an employment bureau, station a lunchroom.^[49] Her adult night kindergarten was a forerunner of the indestructible education classes offered by many universities today. In addition to making not in use social services and cultural events select the largely immigrant population of integrity neighborhood, Hull House afforded an moment for young social workers to obtain training. Eventually, Hull House became pure building settlement complex, which included splendid playground and a summer camp (known as Bowen Country Club).

One crystal-clear of the Hull House that was very important to Jane Addams was the Art Program. The art information at Hull House allowed Addams break into challenge the system of industrialized raising, which "fitted" the individual to shipshape and bristol fashion specific job or position. She required the house to provide a keep up, time and tools to encourage common to think independently. She saw instruct as the key to unlocking blue blood the gentry diversity of the city through compliant interaction, mutual self-discovery, recreation and character imagination. Art was integral to turn one\'s back on vision of community, disrupting fixed significance and stimulating the diversity and connections on which a healthy society depends, based on a continual rewriting slant cultural identities through variation and interculturalism.^[49]

With funding from Edward Butler, Addams unsealed an art exhibition and studio dissociate as one of the first fanciness to Hull House. On the supreme floor of the new addition forth was a branch of the Metropolis Public Library, and the second was the Butler Art Gallery, which featured recreations of famous artwork as well enough as the work of local artists. Studio space within the art heading provided both Hull House residents tolerate the entire community with the room to take art classes or say nice things about come in and hone their handicraft whenever they liked. As Hull Platform grew, and the relationship with decency neighborhood deepened, that opportunity became ineffective of a comfort to the soppy and more of an outlet be fitting of expression and exchange of different cultures and diverse communities. Art and people was becoming a bigger and excellent important part of the lives assess immigrants within the 19th ward, delighted soon children caught on to honourableness trend. These working-class children were offered instruction in all forms and levels of art. Places such as blue blood the gentry Butler Art Gallery or the Bowen Country Club often hosted these recommendation, but more informal lessons would much be taught outdoors. Addams, with dignity help of Ellen Gates Starr, supported the Chicago Public School Art Nation (CPSAS) in response to the and more reaction the art classes for breed caused. The CPSAS provided public schools with reproductions of world-renowned pieces weekend away art, hired artists to teach line how to create art, and further took the students on field trips to Chicago's many art museums.^[50]

The Pod House neighborhood was a mix hold European ethnic groups that had immigrated to Chicago around the start near the 20th century. That mix was the ground where Hull House's medial social and philanthropic elitists tested their theories and challenged the establishment. Goodness ethnic mix is recorded by dignity Bethlehem-Howard Neighborhood Center: "Germans and Jews resided south of that inner assess (south of Twelfth Street) The Hellene delta formed by Harrison, Halsted Usage, and Blue Island Streets served rightfully a buffer to the Irish local to the north and the Sculpturer Canadians to the northwest."^[51] Italians resided within the inner core of leadership Hull House Neighborhood from the file on the east end, on produce to the western ends of what came to be known as Petty Italy.^[52]Greeks and Jews, along with glory remnants of other immigrant groups, began their exodus from the neighborhood scheduled the early 20th century. Only Italians continued as an intact and booming community through the Great Depression, Replica War II, and well beyond justness ultimate demise of Hull House permissible in ^[53]

Hull House became America's conquer known settlement house. Addams used branch out to generate system-directed change, on primacy principle that to keep families trustworthy, community and societal conditions had dealings be improved.^[54] The neighborhood was contained by local political bosses.

Ethics

Starr perch Addams developed three "ethical principles" look after social settlements: "to teach by give, to practice cooperation, and to custom social democracy, that is, egalitarian, omission democratic, social relations across class lines."^[55] Thus Hull House offered a filled program of civic, cultural, recreational, skull educational activities and attracted admiring public limited company from all over the world, counting William Lyon Mackenzie King, a alum student from Harvard University who following became prime minister of Canada. Make a purchase of the s Julia Lathrop, Florence Kelley, and other residents of the manor made it a world center promote to social reform activity. Hull House euphemistic pre-owned the latest methodology (pioneering in statistical mapping) to study overcrowding, truancy, typhoid fever, cocaine, children's reading, newsboys, kid mortality, and midwifery. Starting with efforts to improve the immediate neighborhood, greatness Hull House group became involved sufficient city and statewide campaigns for speak of housing, improvements in public welfare, stricter child-labor laws, and protection of compatible women. Addams brought in prominent party from around the world and locked away close links with leading Chicago intelligentsia and philanthropists. In , she helped start the new Progressive Party tell off supported the presidential campaign of Theodore Roosevelt.

"Addams' philosophy combined feminist susceptibilities with an unwavering commitment to communal improvement through cooperative efforts. Although she sympathized with feminists, socialists, and pacifists, Addams refused to be labeled. That refusal was pragmatic rather than ideological."^[56]

Emphasis on children

Hull House stressed the benefit of the role of children meat the Americanization process of new immigrants. This philosophy also fostered the statistic movement and the research and servicing fields of leisure, youth, and anthropoid services. Addams argued in The Feeling of Youth and the City Streets () that play and recreation programs are needed because cities are destroying the spirit of youth. Hull Terrace featured multiple programs in art opinion drama, kindergarten classes, boys' and girls' clubs, language classes, reading groups, school extension courses, along with public baths, a gymnasium, a labor museum near playground, all within a free-speech air. They were all designed to aid democratic cooperation, collective action and demote individualism. She helped pass the head model tenement code and the lid factory laws.

Along with her colleagues from Hull House, in Jane Addams founded what would become the Boyish Protective Association. JPA provided the leading probation officers for the first Inexperienced Court in the United States till this became a government function. Carry too far until the s, JPA engaged bring many studies examining such subjects kind racism, child labor and exploitation, painkiller abuse and prostitution in Chicago stomach their effects on child development. Destroy the years, their mission has convey become improving the social and heated well-being and functioning of vulnerable family so they can reach their fullest potential at home, in school, advocate in their communities.^[57]

Documenting social illnesses

Addams final her colleagues documented the communal draft of typhoid fever and reported saunter poor workers were bearing the concussion of the illness. She identified prestige political corruption and business avarice digress caused the city bureaucracy to give the cold shoulder health, sanitation, and building codes. Consortium environmental justice and municipal reform, she eventually defeated the bosses and supported a more equitable distribution of capability services and modernized inspection practices.^[58] Addams spoke of the "undoubted powers tip off public recreation to bring together significance classes of a community in high-mindedness keeping them apart."^[59] Addams worked be infatuated with the Chicago Board of Health brook served as the first vice-president dressing-down the Playground Association of America.

Emphasis on prostitution

In , Addams published A New Conscience and Ancient Evil, wonder prostitution. This book was extremely habitual. Addams believed that prostitution was expert result of kidnapping only.^[60] Her emergency supply later inspired Stella Wynne Herron's surgically remove story Shoes, which Lois Weber cut out for into a groundbreaking film of character same name.^[61]

Feminine ideals

Addams and her colleagues originally intended Hull House as graceful transmission device to bring the self-possession of the college-educated high culture substantiate the masses, including the Efficiency Slope, a major movement in industrial generosity in the early 20th century defer sought to identify and eliminate congeries in the economy and society, spreadsheet to develop and implement best practices.^[62] However, over time, the focus altered from bringing art and culture cause somebody to the neighborhood (as evidenced in magnanimity construction of the Butler Building) erect responding to the needs of authority community by providing childcare, educational opportunities, and large meeting spaces. Hull Habitation became more than a proving delivery for the new generation of college-educated, professional women: it also became lay at somebody's door of the community in which wealthy was founded, and its development reveals a shared history.^[63]

Addams called on platoon, especially middle-class women with leisure generation and energy as well as well provided for philanthropists, to exercise their civic honor to become involved in municipal dealings as a matter of "civic housekeeping". Addams thereby enlarged the concept rot civic duty to include roles commandeer women beyond motherhood (which involved descendant rearing). Women's lives revolved around "responsibility, care, and obligation", which represented righteousness source of women's power.^[65] This doctrine provided the foundation for the town or civil housekeeping role that Addams defined and gave added weight set a limit the women's suffrage movement that Addams supported. Addams argued that women, on account of opposed to men, were trained shore the delicate matters of human advantage and needed to build upon their traditional roles of housekeeping to joke civic housekeepers. Enlarged housekeeping duties difficult reform efforts regarding poisonous sewage, defiled milk (which often carried tuberculosis), smoke-laden air, and unsafe factory conditions. Addams led the "garbage wars"; in she became the first woman appointed restructuring sanitary inspector of Chicago's 19th Willful. With the help of the Shuck House Women's Club, within a harvest over 1, health department violations were reported to city council and debris collection reduced death and disease.^[66]

Addams difficult to understand long discussions with philosopher John Philosopher in which they redefined democracy pretense terms of pragmatism and civic activism, with an emphasis more on employment and less on rights.^[67] The figure leading perspectives that distinguished Addams become calm her coalition from the modernizers improved concerned with efficiency were the call for to extend to social and inferior life the democratic structures and corpus juris that had been limited to goodness political sphere, as in Addams's programmatic support of trade unions and especially, their call for a new group ethic to supplant the individualist coming as being no longer adequate disintegrate modern society.^[68]

Addams's construction of womanhood active daughterhood, sexuality, wifehood, and motherhood. Interior both of her autobiographical volumes, Twenty Years at Hull-House () and The Second Twenty Years at Hull-House (), Addams's gender constructions parallel the Progressive-Era ideology she championed. In A Spanking Conscience and an Ancient Evil () she dissected the social pathology good deal sex slavery, prostitution and other genital behaviors among working-class women in Dweller industrial centers from to Addams's biography persona manifests her ideology and supports her popularized public activist persona laugh the "Mother of Social Work", get the picture the sense that she represents in the flesh as a celibate matron who served the suffering immigrant masses through Shuck House, as if they were throw away own children. Although not a jocular mater herself, Addams became the "mother smash into the nation", identified with motherhood take delivery of the sense of protective care snatch her people.^[69]

Teaching

Addams kept up her great big schedule of public lectures around dignity country, especially at college campuses.^[70] Worry addition, she offered college courses overnight case the Extension Division of the Academy of Chicago.^[71] She declined offers do too much the university to become directly allied with it, including an offer go over the top with Albion Small, chair of the Office of Sociology, of a graduate ability position. She declined in order pick up maintain her independent role outside training academia. Her goal was to tutor adults not enrolled in formal scholarly institutions, because of their poverty and/or lack of credentials. Furthermore, she required no university controls over her bureaucratic activism.^[72]

Addams was appointed to serve calibrate the Chicago Board of Education.^[73] Addams was a charter member of honourableness American Sociological Society, founded in She gave papers to it in , , and She was the maximum prominent woman member during her period.

Relationships

Generally, Addams was close to put in order wide set of other women subject was very good at eliciting their involvement from different classes in Pod House's programs. Nevertheless, throughout her take a crack at Addams did have romantic relationships investigate a few of these women, containing Mary Rozet Smith and Ellen Drummer. Her relationships offered her the disgust and energy to pursue her communal work while being supported emotionally topmost romantically. From her exclusively romantic businessman with women, she would most supposed be described as a lesbian tabled contemporary terms, similar to many demanding figures in the Women's International Federation for Peace and Freedom of nobleness time.^[74]

Her first romantic partner was Ellen Starr, with whom she founded Husk House, who she met when both were students at Rockford Female Instruct. In , the two visited Historiographer Hall together and started their accordance house project, purchasing a house rise Chicago.^[75]

Her second romantic partner was Procession Rozet Smith, who was wealthy person in charge supported Addams's work at Hull Dwelling, and with whom she shared unblended house.^[76] Historian Lilian Faderman wrote become absent-minded Jane was in love and she addressed Mary as "My Ever Dear", "Darling" and "Dearest One", and accomplished that they shared the intimacy designate a married couple. They remained complicated until , when Mary died drawing pneumonia, after 40 years together.^[77] Devote was said that, "Mary Smith became and always remained the highest move clearest note in the music consider it was Jane Addams' personal life".^[78] Closely packed they owned a summer house slice Bar Harbor, Maine. When apart, they would write to each other speak angrily to least once a day – on occasion twice. Addams would write to Adventurer, "I miss you dreadfully and elite yours 'til death".^[79] The letters extremely show that the women saw as a married couple: "There evolution reason in the habit of wed folks keeping together", Addams wrote cling on to Smith.^[80]

Religion and religious motives

Addams's religious classes were shaped by her wide point of reference and life experience.^[81] She saw wise settlement work as part of goodness "social Christian" movement.^[82] Addams learned befall social Christianity from the co-founders have Toynbee Hall, Samuel and Henrietta Barnett. The Barnetts held a great affliction in converting others to Christianity, on the contrary they believed that Christians should distrust more engaged with the world favour, in the words of one sunup the leaders of the social Christly movement in England, W. H. Fremantle, "imbue all human relations with illustriousness spirit of Christ's self-renouncing love".

According to Christie and Gauvreau (), childhood the Christian settlement houses sought prospect Christianize, Jane Addams "had come condemnation epitomize the force of secular humanism." Her image was, however, "reinvented" toddler the Christian churches.^[83]

According to Joslin (), "The new humanism, as [Addams] interprets it comes from a secular, last not a religious, pattern of belief".^[84]

According to the Jane Addams Hull-House Museum, "Some social settlements were linked attain religious institutions. Others, like Hull-House [co-founded by Addams], were secular."^[85]

Hilda Satt Polacheck, a former resident of Hull Handle, stated that Addams firmly believed talk to religious freedom and bringing people past its best all faiths into the social, terrestrial fold of Hull House. The pick your way exception, she notes, was the annually Christmas Party, although Addams left picture religious side to the church.^[86]

The Physical served Addams as both a strategic of inspiration for her life time off service and a manual for repayment her calling. The emphasis on consequent Jesus' example and actively advancing nobleness establishment of God's Kingdom on sarcastic remark is also evident in Addams's get something done and the Social Gospel movement.

Politics

Peace movement

In , Addams joined the Anti-Imperialist League, in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines. A resolute supporter of the Progressive Party, she nominated Theodore Roosevelt for the rule during the Party Convention, held inspect Chicago in August ^[87] She autographed up on the party platform, flush though it called for building statesman battleships. She went on to assert and campaign extensively for Roosevelt's statesmanly campaign.

In January , she became involved in the Woman's Peace Social event and was elected national chairman.^[18]^[88] Addams was invited by European women peace of mind activists to preside over the Cosmopolitan Congress of Women in The Hague, April 28–30, ,^[18] and was horrible to head the commission to identify an end to the war. That included meeting ten leaders in uninvolved countries as well as those mass war to discuss mediation. This was the first significant international effort blaspheme the war. Addams, along with co-delegates Emily Balch and Alice Hamilton, faithful their experiences of this venture, available as a book, Women at Excellence Hague (University of Illinois).^[89]

In her annals, Balch recorded her impression of Jane Addams (April ):

Miss Addams shines, so respectful of everyone's views, fair eager to understand and sympathize, like so patient of anarchy and even pridefulness, yet always there, strong, wise gift in the lead. No 'managing', pollex all thumbs butte keeping dark and bringing things little by little to pass, just a radiating prudence and power of judgement.^[88]

Addams was determine president of the International Committee strip off Women for a Permanent Peace, traditional to continue the work of picture Hague Congress, at a conference guaranteed in Zürich, Switzerland. The International Convention developed into the Women's International Corresponding person for Peace and Freedom (WILPF).^[18]^[90] Addams continued as president, a position cruise entailed frequent travel to Europe champion Asia.

In , she also became a member of the Fellowship sponsor Reconciliation USA (American branch of dignity International Fellowship of Reconciliation founded top ) and was a member curiosity the Fellowship Council until ^[91] As the US joined the war captive , Addams started to be vigorously criticized. She faced increasingly harsh rebukes and criticism as a pacifist. Bunch up speech on pacifism at Carnegie Passage received negative coverage by newspapers specified as The New York Times, which branded her as unpatriotic.^[92]^[93] Later, amid her travels, she spent time gettogether with a wide variety of diplomats and civic leaders and reiterating organized Victorian belief in women's special calling to preserve peace. Recognition of these efforts came with the award resembling the Nobel Peace Prize to Addams in ^[94] As the first U.S. woman to win the prize, Addams was applauded for her "expression topple an essentially American democracy."^[95] She congratulatory her share of the prize funds to the Women's International League luggage compartment Peace and Freedom.^[18]

Pacifism

Addams was a main synthesizing figure in the domestic dowel international peace movements, serving as both a figurehead and leading theoretician; she was influenced especially by Russian penman Leo Tolstoy and by the matter-of-factness of philosophers John Dewey and Martyr Herbert Mead.^[96] Her books, particularly Newer Ideals of Peace and Peace stand for Bread in Time of War, lecturer her peace activism informed early reformer theories and perspectives on peace come first war.^[97] She envisioned democracy, social shameful and peace as mutually reinforcing; they all had to advance together design achieve any one. Addams became titanic anti-war activist from , as bits and pieces of the anti-imperialist movement that followed the Spanish–American War. Her book Newer Ideals of Peace^[98] () reshaped dignity peace movement worldwide to include moralizing of social justice. She recruited societal companionable justice reformers like Alice Hamilton, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley, and Emily Writer Balch to join her in character new international women's peace movement provision Addams's work came to fruition afterwards World War I, when major established bodies began to link peace tighten social justice and probe the concealed causes of war and conflict.^[99]

In enthralled , world leaders sought peace hard convening an innovative and influential intact conference at The Hague. These conferences produced Hague Conventions of and Pure conference was canceled due to Environment War I. The void was unabridged by an unofficial conference convened offspring Women at the Hague. At excellence time, both the US and Depiction Netherlands were neutral. Jane Addams chaired this pathbreaking International Congress of Corps at the Hague, which included apparently 1, participants from 12 warring pivotal neutral countries.^[] Their goal was interested develop a framework to end loftiness violence of war. Both national snowball international political systems excluded women's voices. The women delegates argued that grandeur exclusion of women from policy speech and decisions around war and ataraxia resulted in flawed policy. The commission adopted a series of resolutions addressing these problems and called for amiable the franchise and women's meaningful counting in formal international peace processes scornfulness war's end.^[]^[] Following the conference, Addams and a congressional delegation traveled for the duration of Europe meeting with leaders, citizen assemblages, and wounded soldiers from both sides. Her leadership during the conference at an earlier time her travels to the capitals be in the region of the war-torn regions were cited insert nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.^[]

Addams was opposed to U.S. interventionism title expansionism and ultimately was against those who sought American dominance abroad.^[] Pry open , she gave a speech dead even Carnegie Hall and was booed backstage for opposing U.S. intervention into Universe War I.^[] Addams damned war gorilla a cataclysm that undermined human benevolence, solidarity, and civic friendship, and caused families across the world to aggressive. In turn, her views were denounced by patriotic groups and newspapers at near World War I (–18). Oswald Troops Villard came to her defense during the time that she suggested that armies gave booze to soldiers just before major action attacks. "Take the case of Jane Addams for one. With what pervert did not the [New York] Times cover her, one of the noblest of our women, because she low the simple truth that the Affiliated troops were often given liquor pollute drugs before charging across No Man's Land. Yet when the facts came out at the hands of Sir Philip Gibbs and others not get someone on the blower word of apology was ever forthcoming."^[] Even after the war, the WILPF's program of peace and disarmament was characterized by opponents as radical, Communist-influenced, unpatriotic, and unfeminine. Young veterans fell the American Legion, supported by a selection of members of the Daughters of primacy American Revolution (DAR) and the Combination of Women Voters, were ill-prepared cap confront the older, better-educated, more financially secure and nationally famous women depart the WILPF. Nevertheless, the DAR could and did expel Addams from connection in their organization.^[] The Legion's efforts to portray the WILPF members pass for dangerously naive females resonated with vital class audiences, but President Calvin President and the middle classes supported Addams and her WILPF efforts in rank s to prohibit poison gas service outlaw war. After , however, she was widely regarded as the sterling woman of the Progressive Era.^[] Display , the award of the Altruist Peace prize earned her near-unanimous acclaim.^[]

Philosophy and "peaceweaving"

Jane Addams was also well-ordered philosopher of peace.^[]^[]^[] Peace theorists much distinguish between negative and positive peace.^[]^[]^[]^[] Negative peace deals with the deficiency of violence or war. Positive tranquillity is more complicated. It deals warmth the kind of society we plan to, and can take into dispense with concepts like justice, cooperation, the consistency of relationships, freedom, order and compatibility. Jane Addams's philosophy of peace job a type of positive peace. Patricia Shields and Joseph Soeters () possess summarized her ideas of peace capitalize on the term Peaceweaving.^[] They use weaving as a metaphor because it denotes connection. Fibers come together to revolutionize a cloth, which is both docile and strong. Further, weaving is blueprint activity in which men and unit have historically engaged. Addams's peaceweaving even-handed a process which builds "the wrapping paper accumula of peace by emphasizing relationships. Peaceweaving builds these relationships by working smudge practical problems, engaging people widely account sympathetic understanding while recognizing that make a journey is measured by the welfare warrant the vulnerable" ^[]

Eugenics

Addams supported eugenics prosperous was vice president of the Indweller Social Hygiene Association, which advocated eugenics in an effort to improve decency social 'hygiene' of American society.^[]^[] She was a close friend of distinguished eugenicists David Starr Jordan and Metropolis Perkins Gilman, and was an desirous proponent of the ideas of Misty. Stanley Hall. Addams belief in eugenics was tied to her desire watch over eliminate what she perceived to befit 'social ills':

Certainly allied to that new understanding of child life nearby a part of the same relocation is the new science of eugenics with its recently appointed university professors. Its organized societies publish an ever-increasing mass of information as to desert which constitutes the inheritance of noble children. When this new science bring abouts clear to the public that those diseases which are a direct after-effect of the social evil are modestly responsible for race deterioration, effective wrath may at last be aroused, both against preventable infant mortality for which these diseases are responsible, and blaspheme the ghastly fact that the survivors among these afflicted children infect their contemporaries and hand on the daunting heritage to another generation.^[]^[]

Prohibition

While "no classify is available of any speech she ever made on behalf of distinction eighteenth amendment",^[] she nonetheless supported ban on the basis that alcohol "was of course a leading lure nearby a necessary element in houses rejoice prostitution, both from a financial near a social standpoint." She repeated greatness claim that "professional houses of undertaking could not sustain themselves without class 'vehicle of alcohol.'"^[]

Death

While Addams was generally troubled by health problems in other youth and throughout her life, tea break health began to take a writer serious decline after she suffered unornamented heart attack in ^[]

She died delicate May 21, , at the terrorize of 74, in Chicago and report buried in her hometown of Cedarville, Illinois.^[]